Comparing the web-based and traditional self-reported 24-hour dietary recall data in the PakNutriStudy.

BACKGROUND: The flaws in dietary assessment methods can generate misleading information and thus may impact on the interventions planned based on that information. Context specific digitalization of dietary assessment tools is a potential way forward to reduce biases and resources involved in data handling. METHODS: Two versions of Twenty-Four Hour Recall (24HR) (traditional [24HR Ver-01] and digital [24HR Ver-02]) were tested for data agreement and feasibility by gathering cross sectional paired data on both the versions from 102 participants (18-25 years age). The web based 24HR was setup using the system of Intake24 (New Castle University) with incorporation of South Asian food data base for beverages. RESULTS: The data sets obtained from 24HR Ver-01 and 24HR Ver-02 on beverage consumption (food items as well as portion sizes) were compared for agreement. The highest percentage of agreement of food item reporting between 24HR Ver-01 and 24HR Ver-01 was during the lunch time. The average kappa value (κ =0.375833) for all the meals indicated a fair agreement betweenVer-01 and 24HR Ver-02 The correlation of portion sizes reported using 24HR Ver-01 and 24 HR Ver-02 was statisticallysignificant for morning snack, lunch and dinner (r = 0.465; r = 0.324; r = 0.407 respectively). According to Bland Altman plot, least agreement between the two versions was found in the portion sizes reported for morning snacks. Data collectors found 24 HR Ver-02 easier in terms of data processing but it was regarded time taking and less convenient by the participants. CONCLUSION: The Intake 24 (digital version of 24HR) can be a preferred tool of data collection as the data collected through it may reach fairly good levels of accuracy. Future directions for research like conducting a follow up study with cross over design, expanding the study using food items other than beverages, and testing the digital dietary assessment tool against an objective gold standard of dietary intake can be helpful in reaching more conclusive evidence.

Potential perspectives of biodegradable plastics for food packaging application-review of properties and recent developments.

Potential hazardous effects caused by non-biodegradable plastics are considered to be one of the most widely discussed and notable challenges of the 21st century. To address this particular problem, immense efforts have been devoted to the preparation of biodegradable plastics material. This green approach mitigates the major drawbacks e.g. improper waste management, low degradation rates, waste accumulation in water reservoirs and harmful chemical reagents hence providing a natural, economical and biodegradable alternative to the customarily employed non-biodegradable plastics. This review provides an insight into recently engineered biodegradable plastics used for packaging applications. Properties such as barrier/permeation indexes, thermal, electrical and mechanical characteristics of the biodegradable plastics are considered in detail for developing an understanding regarding the fundamentals of biodegradable materials. Recent literature (2010-2018) was classified according to the composition and nature of the used material. Materials such as polylactic acid, polyhydroxyalkanoates, polyhydroxybutyrate, polycaprolactone, starch and cellulose were comprehensively discussed along with their properties and blending agents.

Nanocatalytic Assemblies for Catalytic Reduction of Nitrophenols: A Critical Review.

Nitrophenol is common carcinogenic pollutant known for its adverse effects on human beings and aquatic life. During the last few decades, the chemical reduction of nitrophenol compounds has been widely reported as the advanced removal methodology for such hazardous dyes from aqueous reservoirs. Many researchers have utilized different nanocatalytic systems using sodium borohydride (NaBH4) as the reducing agent for acquiring industrially useful reduction product of aminophenol by carrying out the chemical reduction of nitrophenols. Polymeric material supported monometallic nanoparticles are widely reported catalyst for the degradation of 2-nitrophenol (2-NP) and 4-nitrophenol (4-NP). This review critically discusses the pros and cons of numerous supporting mediums of nanocatalytic assemblies used for the immobilization of nanomaterials. Mechanism and kinetic analysis of the reduction reaction of 2-NP and 4-NP have also been explained in this study. In addition, recent literature has also been effectively summarized in the tabular form for developing a better understanding of the reader. Pictorial representation of key nanocatalytic assemblies and catalytic reduction mechanism has also been narrated in this study.

Critical review on the chemical reduction of nitroaniline.

Conversion of nitroaniline (NA), a highly toxic pollutant that has been released into aquatic systems due to unmanaged industrial development in recent years, into the less harmful or a useful counterpart is the need of the hour. Various methods for its conversion and removal have been explored. Owing to its nominal features of advanced effectiveness, the chemical reduction of 4-NA using various different nanocatalytic systems is one such approach that has attracted tremendous interest over the past few years. The academic literature has been confined to case studies involving silver (Ag) and gold (Au) nanoparticles, as these are the two most widely used materials for the synthesis of nanocatalytic assemblies. Focus has also been given to sodium borohydride (NaBH4), which is used as a reductant during the chemical reduction of NA. This systematic review summarizes the fundamentals associated with the catalytic degradation of 4-NA, and presents a comprehensive and critical study of the latest modifications used in the synthesis of these catalytic systems. In addition, the kinetics, mechanisms, thermodynamics, as well as the future directions required for understanding this model reaction, have been provided in this particular study.

Innovative Seizure of Metal/Metal Oxide Nanoparticles in Water Purification: A Critical Review of Potential Risks.

Water contamination is a worldwide critical issue for the present society to avoid competition and maintain an environmentally friendly scenario. Removal of various pollutants including inorganic and organic compounds from water is a big challenge nowadays. Worldwide attention to promote polluted water and technologies related to its treatment has been adversely increased. The utilization of metal/metal oxide nanoparticles (NPs) for this purpose has gained much attention due to its exceptional properties imparted by reduced size and effective surface area. Moreover, metal/metal oxide NPs-based innovation for improved expulsion productivity is an ingenious area for research and development but the use of such NPs presents some serious risks. Herein, the advanced requisition of NPs for polluted water treatment is highlighted along with the difficulties related to them and their toxic impacts when used as water purifiers. Additionally, the plausible fate of metal/metal oxide NPs incorporated in the water for purification and salient future challenges are deliberated.

Enzymatic degradation study of 111In-labeled minigastrin peptides using cathepsin B enzyme and AR42J cancer cell line for the development of neuroendocrine tumor imaging radiopharmaceuticals.

Neuroendocrine tumors (NET) are the rare tumors which often impose graveyard threat. These tumors are characterized by the over expression of various G-protein coupled receptors including cholecystokinin (CCK) receptors-1 and 2 (A or B). Minigastrin peptides are being investigated for theranostic purposes of CCK-2 receptor positive NET. The minigastrin analogue (APHO70) was modified by engineering enzyme susceptible tetrapeptide sequence into APHO70 peptide to reduce the random degradation by lysosome enzymes which pave the way to random trafficking in patient's body and dipeptide addition at c-terminus. All the four modified minigastrin peptides (MG-CL1-4) were investigated for lysosome cathepsin B (catB) enzyme susceptibility and fate into AR42J cancer cell line. The indium-111 labeled MG-CL1-4 peptides were also studied for target (tumor) and non-target saccumulation by using tumor induced mice. The RP-HPLC analysis result showed nonspecific cleavage of standard 111In-APH070 and 111In-MGCL1 while specific cleavage was noted in case of 111In-MGCL (2-4). The effect of specific and non-specific cleavage on biodistribution in tumor induced nude mice model indicates the promising accumulation of 111In-MGCL2, 111In-MGCL3, and 111In-MGCL4 radiotracers while 111In-MGCL1 showed less accumulation. 111In-MGCL2 and 111In-MGCL3 showed highest target-to-kidney ratio (T/K) i.e. 1.71 and 1.72, respectively whereas standard compound showed T/K 1.13. In conclusion, the two indium-111 labeled analogues i.e. 111In-MGCL2 and 111In-MGCL3 showed promising sensitivity for tumor andcould be tested for further investigation to reach pre-clinical studies.

Green Adeptness in the Synthesis and Stabilization of Copper Nanoparticles: Catalytic, Antibacterial, Cytotoxicity, and Antioxidant Activities.

Copper nanoparticles (CuNPs) are of great interest due to their extraordinary properties such as high surface-to-volume ratio, high yield strength, ductility, hardness, flexibility, and rigidity. CuNPs show catalytic, antibacterial, antioxidant, and antifungal activities along with cytotoxicity and anticancer properties in many different applications. Many physical and chemical methods have been used to synthesize nanoparticles including laser ablation, microwave-assisted process, sol-gel, co-precipitation, pulsed wire discharge, vacuum vapor deposition, high-energy irradiation, lithography, mechanical milling, photochemical reduction, electrochemistry, electrospray synthesis, hydrothermal reaction, microemulsion, and chemical reduction. Phytosynthesis of nanoparticles has been suggested as a valuable alternative to physical and chemical methods due to low cytotoxicity, economic prospects, environment-friendly, enhanced biocompatibility, and high antioxidant and antimicrobial activities. The review explains characterization techniques, their main role, limitations, and sensitivity used in the preparation of CuNPs. An overview of techniques used in the synthesis of CuNPs, synthesis procedure, reaction parameters which affect the properties of synthesized CuNPs, and a screening analysis which is used to identify phytochemicals in different plants is presented from the recent published literature which has been reviewed and summarized. Hypothetical mechanisms of reduction of the copper ion by quercetin, stabilization of copper nanoparticles by santin, antimicrobial activity, and reduction of 4-nitrophenol with diagrammatic illustrations are given. The main purpose of this review was to summarize the data of plants used for the synthesis of CuNPs and open a new pathway for researchers to investigate those plants which have not been used in the past. Graphical abstract Proposed Mechanism for Antibacterial activity of copper nanoparticles.

Radiolabeling of benzylpenicillin with lutetium-177: Quality control and biodistribution study to develop theranostic infection imaging agent.

Benzylpenicillin acts through binding with beta-lactamase enzyme and inhibiting the bacterial cell wall biosynthesis. Therefore, the radiolabeling of benzylpenicillin with lutetium-177 is expected to serve as a theranostic agent for deep-seated bacterial infections. The radiolabeling of benzylpenicillin resulted ~93% radiochemical yield at optimized reaction conditions. Radiochemical purity analysis was tested with the help of Whatman No. 2 paper and instant thin layer chromatography. Biodistribution study with healthy New Zeeland white rabbit revealed moderate accumulation in different organs. Kidneys are the major organs, showed not more than 4.57±0.89% injected dose per gram organ (ID/gm organ) at 1 h time point and 3.48±1.11% ID/gm organ at 6 h time point. The accumulation of tracer agent in liver was found in the range of 7.42±2.42% to 9.09±2.76 ID/gm organ. The glomerular filtration rate studies revealed rapid clearance - omitting the chance of nephrotoxicity. The radiolabeling yield, biodistribution and glomerular filtration rate results revealed 177Lu-benzylpencillin could be a potential candidate to diagnose the deep-seated bacterial infection.

Antioxidant, antibacterial and antiproliferative activities of pumpkin (cucurbit) peel and puree extracts - an in vitro study.

Natural resources right from the beginning of the human civilization has paved the way to human being to combat different challenges. The big challenge was to safe the human being from diseases and shortage of food. Plants helped the man in both areas very efficiently. No doubt when plants are used as food actually we are also taking lot of compounds of medicinal values in an excellent combination which naturally reduce the risk of diseases. Extraction and purification of several medicinally important compounds also gave the way to develop pharmaceutical industry in addition to its own therapeutic effects against different lethal diseases. Pumpkin is one of the several medicinal important vegetables used in different way on the behalf of its admirable power to combat different diseases. Antioxidant and biological studies showed very important results. A good coherence was found among extraction yield (10.52 to 18.45%), total phenolics (1.13 to 6.78 mg GAE/100g), total flavonoids (0.23 to 0.72mg CE/100g) and antioxidant potential (≻70%). Antibacterial assays of peel and puree extracts advocated good potential to stop the growth and division of pathogenic bacteria. Further biological activity study was carried out using MDBK cancer cell line. The growth inhibitory effect on cancer cell line using MTT assay showed methanol extracts of peel and puree both remained efficient to inhibit growth (≻35%) and cell division of cancer cells. Our results showed that extracts of pumpkin puree and its waste, peel, may be utilize to prepare functional food against pathogenic born diseases and most active compounds may also be extracted, concentrated and converted into tablets or suspension form for therapeutic purposes.

Technetium-99m-Labeled Sulfadiazine: a Targeting Radiopharmaceutical for Scintigraphic Imaging of Infectious Foci Due To Escherichia coli in Mouse and Rabbit Models.

Bacterial infection is one of the vital reasons of morbidity and mortality, especially in developing countries. It appears silently without bothering the geological borders and imposes a grave threat to humanity. Nuclear medicine technique has an important role in helping early diagnosis of deep-seated infections. The aim of this study was to develop a new radiopharmaceutical 99mTc-labeling sulfadiazine as an infection imaging agent. Radiolabeling of sulfadiazine with technetium-99m (99mTc) was carried out using stannous tartrate as a reducing agent in the presence of gentistic acid at pH = 5. The quality control tests revealed ~98% labeling efficiency. Paper chromatographic (PC) and instant thin-layer chromatographic (ITLC) techniques were used to analyze radiochemical yield. Biodistribution and infection specificity of the radiotracer were performed with Escherichia coli (E. coli) infection-induced rats. Scintigraphy and glomerular filtration rate (GFR) study was performed in E. coli-infected rabbits. Scintigraphy indicated E. coli infection targeting potential of 99mTc-SDZ, while biodistribution study showed minimal uptake of 99mTc-SDZ in non-targeted tissues. The uptake in the kidneys was found 2.56 ± 0.06, 2.09 ± 0.10, and 1.68 ± 0.09% at 30 min, 1 h, and 4 h, respectively. The infected muscle (target) to non-infected muscle (non-target) ratio (T/NT) was found 4.49 ± 0.04, 6.78 ± 0.07, and 5.59 ± 0.08 at 30 min, 1 h, and 4 h, respectively.

Compositional difference in antioxidant and antibacterial activity of all parts of the Carica papaya using different solvents.

BACKGROUND: Carica papaya is a well known medicinal plant used in the West and Asian countries to cope several diseases. Patients were advised to eat papaya fruit frequently during dengue fever epidemic in Pakistan by physicians. This study was conducted to establish Polyphenols, flavonoids and antioxidant potential profile of extracts of all major parts of the C. papaya with seven major solvents i.e. water, ethanol, methanol, n-butanol, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate, and n-hexane. RESULTS: TPC, TFC, antioxidant and antibacterial potential were determined using different aqueous and organic solvents in addition to the determination of trace element in leaves, pulp and peel of C. papaya. Total soluble phenolics and flavonoids were found in promising quantity (≈66 mg GAE/g) especially in case of methanol and ethanol extracts. Antioxidant activity using DPPH free radical scavenging assay indicated leaves, bark, roots and pulp extracts showed >75.0 % scavenging potential while leaves and pulp showed 84.9 and 80.9 % inhibition of peroxidation, respectively. Reducing power assay showed leaves, pulp and roots extracts active to reduce Fe(3+) to Fe(2+) ions. The antibacterial study showed pulp extract is the best to cope infectious action of bacteria. CONCLUSION: This study was conducted to test the medicinal profile of all parts of C. papaya by extracting secondary metabolites with organic and aqueous solvents. Ethanol and methanol both were found to be the best solvents of choice to extract natural products to get maximum medicinal benefits and could be used to medicinal formulation against different infectious diseases.Graphical abstractMedicinal evaluation of different parts of C. papaya.

Microwave treated Salvadora oleoides as an eco-friendly biosorbent for the removal of toxic methyl violet dye from aqueous solution--A green approach.

In the present study, microwave treated Salvadora oleoides (MW-SO) has been investigated as a potential biosorbent for the removal of toxic methyl violet dye. A batch adsorption method was experimented for biosorptive removal of toxic methyl violet dye from the aqueous solution. The effect of various operating variables, viz., adsorbent dosage, pH, contact time and temperature on the removal of the dye was studied and it was found that nearly 99% removal of the dye was possible under optimum conditions. Kinetic study revealed that a pseudo-second-order mechanism was predominant and the overall process of the dye adsorption involved more than one step. Hence, in order to investigate the rate determining step, intra-particle diffusion model was applied. Adsorption equilibrium study was made by analyzing Langmuir, Freundlich, and Dubinin-Radushkevich (D-R) adsorption isotherm models and the biosorption data was found to be best represented by the Langmuir model. The biosorption efficiency of MW-SO was also compared with unmodified material, Salvadora oleoides (SO). It was found that the sorption capacity (qmax) increased from 58.5 mg/g to 219.7 mg/g on MW treatment. Determination of thermodynamic parameters such as free energy change (ΔG°), enthalpy change (ΔH°) and entropy change (ΔS°) confirmed the spontaneous, endothermic and feasible nature of the adsorption process. The preparation of MW-SO did not require any additional chemical treatment and a high percentage removal of methyl violet dye was obtained in much lesser time. Thus, it is in agreement with the principles of green chemistry. The results of the present research work suggest that MW-SO can be used as an environmentally friendly and economical alternative biosorbent for the removal of methyl violet dye from aqueous solutions.

Adsorption optimization of lead (II) using Saccharum bengalense as a non-conventional low cost biosorbent: isotherm and thermodynamics modeling.

In the present study a novel biomass, derived from the pulp of Saccharum bengalense, was used as an adsorbent material for the removal of Pb (II) ions from aqueous solution. After 50 minutes contact time, almost 92% lead removal was possible at pH 6.0 under batch test conditions. The experimental data was analyzed using Langmuir, Freundlich, Timken and Dubinin-Radushkevich two parameters isotherm model, three parameters Redlich-Peterson, Sip and Toth models and four parameters Fritz Schlunder isotherm models. Langmuir, Redlich-Peterson and Fritz-Schlunder models were found to be the best fit models. Kinetic studies revealed that the sorption process was well explained with pseudo second-order kinetic model Thermodynamic parameters including free energy change (AG degrees), enthalpy change (AH degrees) and entropy change (AS degrees) have been calculated and reveal the spontaneous, endothermic and feasible nature of the adsorption process. The thermodynamic parameters of activation (deltaG(#), deltaH(#) and deltaS(#)) were calculated from the pseudo-second order rate constant by using the Eyring equation. Results showed that Pb (II) adsorption onto SB is an associated mechanism and the reorientation step is entropy controlled.

Antioxidant and antibacterial activities of Hibiscus Rosa-sinensis Linn flower extracts.

Antioxidant and antibacterial potential of different solvent extracts of locally grown Hibiscus rosa-sinensis Linn was evaluated. The antioxidant activity was assessed by estimation of total flavonoids contents, total phenolic contents, DPPH free radical scavenging activity and percentage inhibition of linoleic acid oxidation capacity. Agar disc diffusion method was used to assess antibacterial potential of crude extract of H. rosa-sinensis. The yield of the crude extracts (23.21 ± 3.67 and 18.36 ± 2.98% in 80% methanol and ethanol solvents was calculated, respectively. Methanol and ethanol extract of H. rosa-sinensis showed total phenolics 61.45 ± 3.23 and 59.31 ± 4.31 mg/100g as gallic acid equivalent, total flavonoids 53.28 ± 1.93 and 32.25±1.21 mg/100g as catechine equivalent, DPPH free radical scavenging activity 75.46±4.67 and 64.98 ± 2.11% and inhibition of linoleic acid oxidation potential 75.8 ±3.22 and 61.6 ± 2.01% respectively, was measured. Antibacterial study against three human pathogens such as staphlococus sp. Bacillus sp. and Escherichia coli showed growth inhibitory effect in the range of 12.75 ± 1.17 to 16.75 ± 2.10 mm. These results showed H. rosa-sinensis indigenous to Kallar Kahar and its allied areas bear promising medicinal values and could be used for developing herbal medicines to target oxidative stress and infectious diseases.

A Longitudinal Study of Changes in Thyroid Related Hormones among Pregnant Women Residing in an Iodine Deficient Urban Area.

Problem Statement. Thyroid gland in women undergoes functional changes during pregnancy. A few studies have described such changes in pregnant women residing in iodine deficient areas. Objective. To document these changes in pregnant women residing in Lahore, a low iodine intake urban area of Pakistan. Patients and Methods. In 254 pregnant women, data of FT4, FT3, and TSH during the first and subsequent trimesters were obtained and compared with those of 110 nonpregnant women. These hormones were determined in serum by radioimmunoassay (RIA) techniques using commercial kits. Results. Compared to nonpregnant women mean FT4 level was decreased, and FT3 and TSH increased significantly (P < 0.05) in pregnant women. A negative correlation of FT4 with TSH was observed in all three trimesters. Serum FT3 was positively correlated with TSH only during the third trimester. As a function of gestation time, FT4 levels progressively decreased, and FT3 and TSH levels increased significantly (one-way ANOVA F = 108.2, 17.3, and 44.8, resp.; all P < 0.05) exhibiting thyroid gland adaptations. Conclusion. Pregnancy is associated with significant alterations in thyroid function due to low iodine intake in women residing in study area. The compensated thyroid function poses a risk of thyroid failure in a number of pregnant women.

Comparative efficiency of different methods of gluten extraction in indigenous varieties of wheat / Eficacia comparativa de diferentes métodos de extracción de gluten en variedades autóctonas de trigo

The present study investigated six varieties of locally grown wheat (Lasani, Sehar, Miraj-08, Chakwal-50, Faisalabad-08 and Inqlab) procured from Punjab Seed Corporation, Lahore, Pakistan for their proximate contents. On the basis of protein content and ready availability, Faisalabad-08 (FD-08) was selected to be used for the assessment of comparative efficiency of various methods used for gluten extraction. Three methods, mechanical, chemical and microbiological were used for the extraction of gluten from FD-08. Each method was carried out under ambient conditions using a drying temperature of 55°C. Mechanical method utilized four different processes viz:- dough process, dough batter process, batter process and ethanol washing process using standard 150 mesh. The starch thus obtained was analyzed for its proximate contents. Dough batter process proved to be the most efficient mechanical method and was further investigated using 200 and 300 mesh. Gluten content was determined using sandwich ω-gliadin enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).The results of dough batter process using 200 mesh indicated a starch product with gluten content of 678 ppm. Chemical method indicated high gluten content of more than 5000 ppm and the microbiological method reduced the gluten content from 2500 ppm to 398 ppm. From the results it was observed that no gluten extraction method is viable to produce starch which can fulfill the criteria of a gluten free product (20ppm).

El presente roduc seis variedades de trigo cultivado localmente (Lasani, Sehar, Miraj-08, Chakwal-50, Faisalabad-08 e Inqlab) obtenidos por sus contenidos proximales en Punjab Seed Corporation, Lahore, Pakistán. Sobre la base del contenido de roduct y su fácil disponibilidad, Faisalabad-08 (Fd-08) fue seleccionado para ser utilizado para la evaluación de la eficacia comparadativa de los diferentes métodos utilizados para la extracción de gluten. Tres métodos fueron utilizados para la extracción de gluten; mecánico, químico y microbiológico realizados en condiciones ambientales utilizando una roduct e de secado de 55°C. El método mecánico roduct cuatro procesos diferentes, a saber: proceso de masa, proceso de rebozado de masa, proceso de pasta y proceso de lavado en etanol empleando malla estándar de 150 mesh. El almidón obtenido se analizó por sus contenidos proximales. El contenido de gluten se roduct usando roduct ω-gliadina, ensayo de inmunoabsorción ligado a enzimas (ELISA). El proceso de rebozado de masa fue el método roduct más eficiente y se investigó adicionalmente usando malla 200 y 300 mesh. El proceso de rebozado de masa usando malla 200 generó un almidón con contenido de gluten de 678 ppm. El método químico produjo un contenido de gluten de más de 5.000 ppm, y el método microbiológico redujo el contenido de gluten de 2500 ppm a 398 ppm. A partir de estos resultados se roduct que ningún de estos métodos de extracción de gluten fue es viable para roduct almidón que pueda cumplir los criterios de un roduct libre de gluten (20 ppm).

Comparative efficiency of different methods of gluten extraction in indigenous varieties of wheat.

The present study investigated six varieties of locally grown wheat (Lasani, Sehar, Miraj-08, Chakwal-50, Faisalabad-08 and Inqlab) procured from Punjab Seed Corporation, Lahore, Pakistan for their proximate contents. On the basis of protein content and ready availability, Faisalabad-08 (FD-08) was selected to be used for the assessment of comparative efficiency of various methods used for gluten extraction. Three methods, mechanical, chemical and microbiological were used for the extraction of gluten from FD-08. Each method was carried out under ambient conditions using a drying temperature of 55 degrees C. Mechanical method utilized four different processes viz:- dough process, dough batter process, batter process and ethanol washing process using standard 150 mesh. The starch thus obtained was analyzed for its proximate contents. Dough batter process proved to be the most efficient mechanical method and was further investigated using 200 and 300 mesh. Gluten content was determined using sandwich omega-gliadin enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).The results of dough batter process using 200 mesh indicated a starch product with gluten content of 678 ppm. Chemical method indicated high gluten content of more than 5000 ppm and the microbiological method reduced the gluten content from 2500 ppm to 398 ppm. From the results it was observed that no gluten extraction method is viable to produce starch which can fulfill the criteria of a gluten free product (20 ppm).

Investigation on the antioxidant activity of leaves, peels, stems bark, and kernel of mango (Mangifera indica L.).

Bioactive polyphenols, cartenoids, and anthocyanins present in fruits and vegetables are receiving much attention because of their potential antioxidant activity. This study was conducted to determine antioxidant activity of leaves, peels, stem bark, and kernel of mango varieties langra and chonsa. Total phenolic (TPC) and total flavonoid contents (TFCs) in segments of langra ranged from 63.89 to 116.80 mg GAE/g DW and 45.56 to 90.89 mg CE/g DW, respectively, and that of chonsa were 69.24 to 122.60 mg GAE/g DW and 48.43 to 92.55 mg CE/g DW, respectively. The 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging activity and linoleic inhibition capacity in segments of langra ranged from 53.30% to 61.10% and 40.0% to 47.20%, respectively, whereas for chonsa; 56.40% to 66.0% and 48.1% to 49.0%, respectively. The reducing potentials of different segments of langra and chonsa at concentration of 10 mg/mL were 0.512 to 0.850 and 0.595 to 0.665 mV, respectively. Comparison between both varieties showed chonsa exhibited better antioxidant activity. Data were analyzed by analysis of variance (ANOVA) using completely randomised design (CRD) under factorial.